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1.1. A note on terminology

• plugin: We use the term plugin a lot. Technically it could mean a plugin DLL for V-Ray (even V-Ray itself is a kind of plugin) or the type defined in it, which is for example a class in the programming sense, or finally an instance of this class which resides in memory and can be saved to a scene file. We will be using the term plugin to refer to plugin instances.
• exporter/translator: We call the piece of software that translates some native scene format to the V-Ray scene format an exporter or a translator, interchangeably. Basically what it does is creating a bunch of V-Ray plugins and setting their parameters. Note that we also use the verb "to export" sometimes in reference to the act of saving out the scene (which was already translated) to a *.vrscene file.

1.2. V-Ray scene contents

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The following are the types recognized in a V-Ray scene (think .vrscene file). They have corresponding types in the different AppSDK language bindings. The SDK uses the respective basic language types wherever possible and defines custom type classes for the rest.

• Basic types: int, bool, float, Color (3 float RGB), AColor (4 float ARGB), Vector (3 float), string, Matrix (3 Vectors Vectors), Transform (a Matrix and a Vector for translation)
• Objects: references to other plugin instances
• Lists: generic heterogenous lists and concrete typed lists
  The AppSDK uses a generic type class called Value for items in a generic list. Note that generic lists can be nested. The typed lists are IntList, FloatList, ColorList and VectorList.
• Output parameters
  These are additional values generated by a given plugin which may be used as input by others. For example the TexAColorOp plugin can be referenced directly as a texture, resulting in its default color texture output, but you can also refer to any of its other outputs, like "sum", " difference", " maximum" etc. for different results.

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• Each plugin instance is defined on a new line starting with its type name follow by a space, an instance name, another space and an opening curly brace.
• Each parameter is written on a new line with its name, an equals sign with no whitespace on both sides and a value. The line ends with a semicolon. A parameter definition line may be split into multiple lines for long values such as lists.
• References to other plugins are defined by writing our their instance names without quotation. Output parameters are specified the same way with additional double colon and parameter name (instance_name::out_param_name).
• The end of the plugin definition is marked with a closing brace on a new line.
• C++ style single line comments are supported.
• Files can be stitched together with an #include "another.vrscene" directive like in C.
• References can be made to plugins which will be defined further down the file.

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Apart from documentation included with the AppSDK and this guide, the help pages for 3dsMax and Maya on docs.chaosgroup.com are a good source of parameter information and examples, although they use the user-friendly UI names for things and not the actual scene parameter names.
A very useful tool for basic parameter information is plgparams.exe included in the binary folder of the SDK. It lists all parameters for the specified plugin (or all plugins with -list) and their types, default values and text comments. Similar information can be obtained using the ListAllPluginsAndProperties example in the C++ folder (or equivalent code for another language).
It is often useful to save out your scene to a file to inspect if you did everything properly. For example you may have failed to set some parameter properly and you will see this in the file, although you can also check the result of the set operation in your code. You can try to pinpoint problems by deleting parts of the scene (parameters or whole plugins) and re-rendering.
It can be very helpful if you have a V-Ray for 3dsMax or Maya and use it to export vrscene files to see what plugins and parameters are written out. The exporters for 3dsMax and Maya can be considered "ground truth" (even though they may have an occasional bug or missing feature).
If you're getting a black render make sure your camera is positioned and oriented properly and not inside an object. Keep in mind the default up-axis is Z, but it can be set to something else, usually Y. You might also get invisible or black objects if something is wrong with the attached material.
Another thing to watch out for is V-Ray's errors and warnings, so always implement the DumpMessage callback.

2. Defining camera position

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