This page provides information on the Image Sampler rollout in the Render Settings.
Overview
In V-Ray, an image sampler refers to an algorithm for calculating a pixel's color based on the colors within and around it.
Each pixel in a rendering can have only one color. To get the color of a pixel, V-Ray calculates it based on the object's material, direct light striking the object, and indirect lighting in the scene. But within a single pixel, there might be multiple colors, which may come from multiple objects whose edges intersect at the same pixel, or even differences in brightness on the same object due to changes in object shape or falloff and/or shadowing of light sources.
To determine the right color for such a pixel, V-Ray looks at (or samples) colors from different parts of the pixel itself as well as the pixels around it. This process is called image sampling. V-Ray includes two main image samplers, each with its own approach to sampling and its parameters: Progressive and Bucket.
Image Sampler UI for V-Ray GPU
Image Sampler UI for V-Ray
Image courtesy of Tuna Unalan
Multiple colors within a single pixel. What color should the pixel be?
What is Anti-aliasing?
One of the functions of image sampling is anti-aliasing, which is the reduction of jagged edges in a rendering. The following example shows the basic difference between an image with anti-aliasing and one without.
If only one sample is taken for each pixel around the sphere's edge, the choice of pixel color is limited to the dark gray at the object's edge or the (white) background. Using one of these colors (i.e., taking only one sample) makes the image look jagged. This is the equivalent of no anti-aliasing at all.
If two or more samples are taken in each pixel, the colors are averaged, and pixels at the edge of the object end up being a color between the dark gray of the sphere and the background. These in-between colors make the object appear smoother in the final rendering.
Image Sampler
The sampling options for the V-Ray render engine and the V-Ray GPU render engine differ. Only the options for the V-Ray engine are on this page. Please visit the V-Ray GPU Setup page for its options.
Sampler type – Specifies the image sampler type. Specific parameters for the selected type appear at the bottom of this rollout.
Progressive – Progressively samples the entire image. See the Progressive Sampler for additional parameters.
Bucket – Takes a variable number of samples per pixel depending on the difference in the intensity of the pixels. See the Bucket Sampler section for additional parameters.
Animated noise pattern – When enabled, the sampling pattern will change with time. Disabling will make the sampling pattern be the same from frame to frame in an animation, which might be undesirable in some cases. Note that re-rendering the same frame will produce the same result in both cases.
Render mask – Enables the render mask feature. The render mask allows you to define which pixels of the image are calculated. The rest of the pixels are left intact. This feature works best with the V-Ray frame buffer and the Bucket image sampler. The following types are available:
Disabled – The render mask is not used.
Texture – A texture map is used for the render mask. Black values in the map define pixels that are not rendered. Pixels with any other values are rendered.
Object Set – A custom set of objects to render can be defined.
Object IDs – Only objects with specified Object IDs will be rendered; you can list more than one by using commas to separate them.
Isolate Select – Uses Maya's Isolate Select option only to update items included in that viewport selection feature to update when (re)rendering. It is activated from the Show > Isolate select > View selected (or Ctrl+1) in the viewport menu. It works with both V-Ray and V-Ray GPU in Production and IPR modes. Note: Lights cannot be isolated; they will always light the objects whether they are isolated in the viewport or not.
For more information, see the Render Mask example below.
Render mask clear – Available when the Render mask is enabled. When disabled, the masked region will be overlaid on top of the previous image in the VFB. This can be used for draft renders or fast shader previews, provided the camera does not move. Note: When rendering an animation, the image clearing is forced on.
AA filter – Enables AA filtering in the image. When disabled, V-Ray applies an internal 1x1 pixel box filter.
AA filter type – Specifies the filter type to be used for anti-aliasing. V-Ray supplies eight types of Anti-aliasing filters: Box, Area, Triangle, Lanczos, CatmullRom, Gaussian, and Cook Variable. Each has advantages and disadvantages, which make them useful for different tasks. V-Ray GPU supports only Box, Area, Lanczos, and Gaussian filter types.
Size – Determines the size of the filter in pixels. Higher values yield blurrier results. To produce physically accurate results, the minimum value of this parameter is 1.000, and the maximum value is 20.000. For more information, see the Anti-aliasing Filters example and the Anti-aliasing Filters and Moire Effects example below.
Adaptivity clamp – Specifies an intensity limit for the adaptive bucket and progressive samplers to avoid excessive sampling of overexposed areas. Lower values mean a lower limit and potentially noisy overexposed areas but faster rendering times. Higher values produce more samples in overexposed areas. For scenes created before V-Ray 6, update 2, the default value is set to 100.
Enable Firefly Removal – This option is available in Bucket Sampler type only. Removes fireflies from the render and optimizes the render times. Further, it removes the flickering effect in animations. This option is not available with V-Ray GPU.
Firefly Removal Threshold – This option is available in Bucket Sampler type only, and the Enable Firefly Removal option switched on. It provides finer control over the threshold of firefly removal. Valid values are between 0 and 1. Larger values remove more fireflies but may start to remove details from the render. This option is not available with V-Ray GPU.
Example: Render Mask
The original image.
The same image, only objects with chrome material were re-rendered.
The actual render mask image - RGB channels.
The actual render mask image - Alpha channel.
Isolate Select Render Mask Video
The following short demonstration video helps explain how the new Isolate Select Render Mask type works.
Example: Anti-aliasing Filters
Here is an example briefly demonstrating the effect of different anti-aliasing filters on the final result.
Note that rendering with a particular filter differs from rendering without a filter and then blurs the image in a post-processing program like Adobe Photoshop. Filters are applied on a sub-pixel level over the individual sub-pixel samples. Therefore, applying the filter at render time produces a much more accurate and subtle result than applying it as a post-effect. The zoomed-in images below have been zoomed in and cropped 300%.
When the filtering is off, it internally applies a 1x1 pixel box filter.
The Catmull-Rom filter is an edge-enhancing filter often used for architectural visualizations. Note that edge enhancing can produce "moire" effects on detailed geometry.
Filtering is off.
Lanczos filter, size 2.5
Triangle filter
Box Filter, size 2.5
Area filter, size 2.5
Catmull-Rom
Cook Variable, size 2.5
Gaussian, size 2.5
Example: Anti-aliasing Filters and Moire Effects
This example demonstrates the effect anti-aliasing filters have on moire effects in your images. Sharpening filters may enhance moire effects, even if your image sampling rate is very high. Blurring filters reduce moire effects.
Note that moire effects are not necessarily a result of poor image sampling. Moire effects appear because the image is discretized into square pixels. As such, they are inherent to digital images. The effect can be reduced by using different anti-aliasing filters, but it is not entirely avoidable.
The scene is straightforward: a sphere with a very fine checker map applied. The images were rendered with a very high sampling rate (15 subdivs, or 225 rays/pixel). This is enough to produce quite an accurate approximation of the pixel values. Note that the image looks quite different depending on the filter:
No Filter
Box Filter
Area Filter, size 1.5
Area Filter, size 4.0
Triangle Filter, size 1.5
Lanczos Filter
Catmull Rom
Gaussian Filter, size 1.5
Gaussian filter, size 6.0
Drag the slider to change the filter type.
Progressive Sampler
Unlike the bucket method, theProgressive sampler renders the entire image progressively in passes.
These options are for the V-Ray render engine. If you use the V-Ray GPU render engine, please visit the GPU Setup page for its options.
The advantage of this sampler is that you can see an image very quickly and then let it refine for as long as necessary as additional passes are being computed. This is in contrast to the bucket-based image samplers, where the image is not complete until the final bucket is done.
A disadvantage is that more data needs to be kept in memory, especially when working with render elements. Also, when using distributed rendering, frequent communication between the client machine and the render servers is required because of the continuous refinement, which may reduce the CPU utilization on the render servers. This effect can be controlled to some extent using the Ray bundle size parameter.
Avoid using the Progressive sampler with sharpening image filters (Catmull-Rom, Mitchell-Netravali) as this may slow down the rendering - additional image samples will be required to resolve sharpening filters properly. V-Ray will print a warning in this case in the V-Ray messages window.
Min. subdivs – Controls the minimum number of samples each image pixel will receive. The actual number of the samples is the square of the subdivs. Note: Not available when using a GPU-based Production engine.
Max. subdivs – Controls the maximum number of samples each image pixel will receive. The actual number of the samples is the square of the subdivs. If zero, the number of samples is not limited.
Noise threshold – The desired noise level in the image. If this is 0.0, the entire image is sampled uniformly until either the Max. subdivs value is reached or the Render time limit is reached.
Max. render time (min) – The maximum render time in minutes. When this number of minutes is reached, the renderer stops. This is the render time for the whole frame; it includes any GI prepasses like light cache, irradiance map, etc. If this is 0.0, the render is not limited in time.
Ray bundle size – Useful for distributed rendering to control the size of the chunk of work handed to each machine. Higher values may help better utilize CPUs on the render servers when using distributed rendering.
Example: Stages of Rendering with the Progressive Sampler
Image after one pass
Image after 16 passes
Image after 64 passes
Image after 256 passes
Bucket Sampler
This sampler makes a variable number of samples per pixel based on the difference in intensity between the pixel and its neighbors.
This is the preferred sampler for images with lots of small details (like VRayFur, for example) and/or blurry effects (DOF, motion blur, glossy reflections, etc).
The diagram above visually shows how V-Ray places samples when using the Bucket sampler. The black squares represent the pixels of the image, while the dots represent the individual samples. In the first pass V-Ray always places the minimum number of samples determined by the Min. subdivs parameter. Then, the color of the samples is compared, and more are added where needed in the following passes.
These options are for the V-Ray render engine. If you are using V-Ray GPU render engine, please visit the GPU Setup page for its options.
Lock subdivs – Sets a fixed number of samples taken for each pixel.
Min subdivs – Determines the initial (minimum) number of samples taken for each pixel. You will rarely need to set this to more than 1, except if you have very thin lines that are not captured correctly or fast-moving objects if you use motion blur. The actual number of samples is the square of this number (e.g., four subdivs produce 16 samples per pixel).
Max subdivs – Determines the maximum number of samples for a pixel. The actual maximum number of samples is the square of this number (e.g., four subdivs produce a maximum of 16 samples). Note that V-Ray may take less than the maximum number of samples if the difference in intensity of the neighboring pixels is small enough. V-Ray GPU's default Max subdivs value is 48.
Threshold – The threshold that will be used to determine if a pixel needs more samples.
Notes
- A note on RAM usage: image samplers require a substantial amount of RAM to store information about each bucket. Using large bucket sizes may take a lot of RAM.